Do you know the TCP/IP reference model and the characteristics of TCP/IP model? In today’s article, TCP /IP has been explained in detail. Which all of you will not need to go to any other site. All that comes in the syllabus in the exam has been given in these articles. So, without delay let’s start.
What is the TCP/IP reference model?
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is a set of protocols that enable computers to exchange information over a network. It is the foundation of the Internet and the World Wide Web. TCP/IP is a practical model of the Internet. It allows devices on different networks, such as your home computer and your workplace server, to communicate with each other.
The most well-known application of TCP/IP is the Internet, but there are many other applications as well, such as local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and intranets.
It is a set of protocols that enables two devices on different networks to communicate with each other. The two devices could be two computers on the same network, or they could be two computers on different networks located anywhere in the world.
TCP/IP model is the backbone of the Internet and is responsible for routing traffic between networks. IP addresses are used to identify devices on the network and route traffic to them. TCP establishes a connection between two devices, ensuring that all data sent between them is distributed. Together, TCP and IP provide a reliable communication backbone for the Internet.
History of TCP/IP model
The TCP/IP model was invented by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Office (DARPA) in the 1970s. DARPA was a US defence agency. It was actually designed to be used in ARPANET. This is an implementation model which is used as a practical.
How does TCP/IP model work
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is the basic communication protocol that enables the Internet. It is a suite of protocols that provide a reliable, connection-oriented, packet-switched data transmission service. It is the foundation of the World Wide Web, email, and other Internet applications.
TCP/IP breaks the messages into smaller packets so that there is no problem during transmission. So, resending the whole message can be avoided. When all those packets reach their destination, then all the packets are automatically assembled. Each packet may take a different route between the source and destination computer, depending on whether the original route used is congested or unavailable.
As a connection-based protocol, TCP establishes and maintains a connection between applications or devices until they finish exchanging data. It determines how to break the original message into smaller packets and reassemble the packets. They are then sent to other devices on the network, such as routers, and switches. In the end, how to reach their destination again.
TCP sends and receives packets in the network layer. Handles the transmission so that no packets are dropped, manages flow control, and ensures that all packets reach their destination.
Transmission Control Protocol splits the entire data into smaller packets and sends them to the Internet Protocol. IP (Internet Protocol) transmits this data to its destination point. By which communication is established between the Internet and the network. Communication is not possible on the Internet without these two protocols.
Different layers of TCP/IP model
Typically, the TCP/IP model is divided into 4 layers. With the help of these 4 layers, how data is exchanged and organized in the network. It allows data transmission to be done well in a 4-layer TCP/IP model. So, let’s know, what are those 4 layers.
- Application layer
- Transport layer
- internet layer
- network access layer
Application layer
Application layer is the topmost layer that communicates with the user. The most important function of the application layer is process to process delivery. The session layer, presentation layer, and application layer of the OSI model perform the same functions as the application layer of the TCP/IP model. Handles many protocols used in this layer.
Like
HTTP/HTTPS: The full form of HTTP is hypertext transfer protocol. Through this, we can access data on the internet. It transfers data in the form of text, audio, and video. The full form of HTTPS is HTTP-secure. When we use an SSL certificate with HTTP, it becomes HTTPS.
SMTP: Its full form is a simple mail transfer protocol. It is used to send data from one system to another through an e-mail address.
SNMP: Its full form is a Simple Network Management Protocol. It is used to manage and monitor all the elements in the network.
DNS: Its full name is Domain Name System. Because of this, humans can get information from the Internet by searching the domain name. such as www.digikul.net
FTP: This is also known as the File transfer protocol. This protocol is used to transfer files from one node to another.
Transport Layer
This layer is the second-highest layer. The important function of the transport layer is host-to-host delivery. The transport layer provides a reliable connection for how data will be transmitted from one host to another. In this layer, the data is divided into small packets and sent sequentially so that there is no problem with data flow in the network. The transport layer also decides how much data should be sent simultaneously and where to send it.
Mainly 2 types of protocols work in this layer.
- TCP(Transmission Control Protocol)
- UDP(User Datagram Protocol)
Internet layer
The Internet layer is the third layer of the TCP/IP model. Its main function is to deliver data packets from source to destination. It provides connectionless communication from source to destination. When data is sent to the network, this layer follows and controls that data, so that the data reaches its exact destination.
The Internet layer is also known as the network layer. IP (Internet Protocol) is used in the network layer. Before sending the data, the IP address of the source and destination is inserted in its header so that the data can reach the right place.
Network Access layer
The network access layer is the lowest layer. It performs the functions of both the data link and the physical layer of the OSI model in one layer. Its main purpose is node to node delivery. This layer transmits data between two devices in the same network.
TCP/IP model vs OSI model
- OSI is a reference model. Which we can also call the theoretic model. But TCP/IP is an implementation model. which we use in practical basics.
- The OSI model is a 7 layer. It consists of physical layer, datalink layer, network layer, transport layer, session layer, presentation layer, and application layer. But the TCP/IP model has 5 layers or 4 layers somewhere. Which consists of Network Access Layer, Internet Layer, Transport Layer, and Application Layer.
- The OSI model was developed by the International Standards Organization. The TCP/IP model was developed by ARPANET.
Characteristics of TCP/IP model
- In the TCP/IP reference model, before sending it from the data source to the destination, it forms a channel with the help of the application running in it. So that communication can be done easily.
- In this, the data is divided into small packets and then sent to the destination in sequence. Due to this reason, there is no loss of data at the time of transmission.
- In this model, the IP address of the source and destination is inputted in the header of the data packet before sending the data. So that the same data reaches the right destination.
- In the TCP/IP model, before sending it from the data source to the destination, it forms a channel with the help of the application running in it. So that communication can be done easily.
- In this, the data is divided into small packets and then sent to the destination in sequence. Due to this reason, there is no loss of data at the time of transmission.
- In this model, the IP address of the source and destination is inputted in the header of the data packet before sending the data. So that the same data reaches the right destination.
- In this, the data transmission is reliable using different types of protocols.
Conclusion
I hope that after reading this article, you must have got complete information about TCP/IP reference model, how many layers in TCP/IP, Characteristics of TCP/IP model.
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